World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (2024).
World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564854 (2014).
Bloom, D. et al. The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. EconPaper. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/gdmwpaper/8712.htm (2012).
Habib, S. H. & Saha, S. Burden of non-communicable disease: global overview. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 4, 41–47 (2010).
Di Cesare, M. et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 381, 585–597 (2013).
Hosseinpoor, A. R. et al. Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey. BMC Public Health 12, 474 (2012).
De Maeseneer, J. et al. Tackling NCDs: a different approach is needed. Lancet 379, 1860–1861 (2012).
Herrick, C., Okpako, O. & Millington, J. D. A. Unequal ecosystems of global health authorial expertise: decolonising noncommunicable disease. Health Place 71, 102670 (2021).
Airhihenbuwa, C. & Iwelunmor, J. Why culture matters in reducing the burden of NCDs and CDs in Africa. https://www.chpa.co/Documents/WhyCultureConnects-DrAirhuhenbuwa.pdf (2012).
World Health Organization. Strengthening the capacity to tackle noncommunicable diseases (NCDs): meeting of collaborating centres of the WHO European Region on NCDs, with a focus on risk factors and surveillance: Moscow, Russian Federation, 5–6 December 2018. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2019-3648-43407-60948 (2019).
Clift, S. et al. The state of arts and health in England. Arts Health 1, 6–35 (2009).
Sonke, J., Rollins, J., Brandman, R. & Graham-Pole, J. The state of the arts in healthcare in the United States. Arts Health 1, 107–135 (2009).
Wreford, G. The state of arts and health in Australia. Arts Health 2, 8–22 (2010).
Cox, S. M. et al. Tipping the iceberg? The state of arts and health in Canada. Arts Health 2, 109–124 (2010).
Laitinen, L., Jakonen, O., Lahtinen, E. & Lilja-Viherlampi, L.-M. From grass-roots activities to national policies—the state of arts and health in Finland. Arts Health 14, 14–31 (2022).
Tan, M. K. B., Tan, C. M., Tan, S. G., Yoong, J. & Gibbons, B. Connecting the dots: the state of arts and health in Singapore. Arts Health 15, 119–134 (2023).
Park, S. et al. The state of arts and health in the Republic of Korea. Arts Health 16, 206–223 (2024).
World Health Organization. What is the evidence on the role of the arts in improving health and well-being? A scoping review. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289054553 (2019).
Griffith, D. M. & Semlow, A. R. Art, anti-racism and health equity: ‘don’t ask me why, ask me how!’. Ethn. Dis. 30, 373–380 (2020).
Annet, K. A. The role of artistic expression in social movements for health equity. IDOSR-JAM 9, 16–21 (2024).
Clift, S. Creative arts as a public health resource: moving from practice-based research to evidence-based practice. Perspect. Public Health 132, 120–127 (2012).
Camic, P. M. & Chatterjee, H. J. Museums and art galleries as partners for public health interventions. Perspect. Public Health 133, 66–71 (2013).
McCrary, J. M., Redding, E. & Altenmüller, E. Performing arts as a health resource? An umbrella review of the health impacts of music and dance participation. PLoS ONE 16, e0252956 (2021).
Rodriguez, A. K. et al. Arts engagement as a health behavior: an opportunity to address mental health inequities. Community Health Equity Res. Policy 44, 315–322 (2024).
Lin, J. et al. The effects of art-making intervention on mind-body and quality of life in adults with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 32, 186 (2024).
McQuade, L. & O’Sullivan, R. Examining arts and creativity in later life and its impact on older people’s health and wellbeing: a systematic review of the evidence. Perspect. Public Health 144, 344–353 (2023).
Burkhardt, J. & Brennan, C. The effects of recreational dance interventions on the health and well-being of children and young people: a systematic review. Arts Health 4, 148–161 (2012).
Tomlinson, A. et al. A systematic review of the subjective wellbeing outcomes of engaging with visual arts for adults (‘working-age’, 15–64 years) with diagnosed mental health conditions. Anglia Ruskin Research Online (ARRO) https://hdl.handle.net/10779/aru.23783646.v1 (2018).
Bux, D. B. & van Schalkwyk, I. Creative arts interventions to enhance adolescent well-being in low-income communities: an integrative literature review. J. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 34, 1–29 (2022).
Chappell, K. et al. The aesthetic, artistic and creative contributions of dance for health and wellbeing across the lifecourse: a systematic review. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well-being 16, 1950891 (2021).
Creech, A., Larouche, K., Generale, M. & Fortier, D. Creativity, music, and quality of later life: a systematic review. Psychol. Music 51, 1080–1100 (2023).
Zarobe, L. & Bungay, H. The role of arts activities in developing resilience and mental wellbeing in children and young people a rapid review of the literature. Perspect. Public Health 137, 337–347 (2017).
Sonke, J. et al. Defining ‘arts participation’ for public health research. Health Promot. Pract. 25, 985–996 (2023).
Causadias, J. M. & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. Reframing marginalization and youth development: introduction to the special issue. Am. Psychol. 73, 707–712 (2018).
Baah, F. O., Teitelman, A. M. & Riegel, B. Marginalization: conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health—an integrative review. Nurs. Inq. 26, e12268 (2019).
Morales, M. & Ladhari, R. Comparative cross‐cultural service quality: an assessment of research methodology. J. Serv. Manag. 22, 241–265 (2011).
Human Development Reports. Data and statistics readers guide. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI (2025).
Boscardin, C. K., Sewell, J. L., Tolsgaard, M. G. & Pusic, M. V. How to use and report on p-values. Perspect. Med. Educ. 13, 250–254 (2024).
Thomas, J. & Harden, A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 8, 45 (2008).
Johnson, R. E., Grove, A. L. & Clarke, A. Pillar integration process: a joint display technique to integrate data in mixed methods research. J. Mixed Methods Res. 13, 301–320 (2019).
Dupin, C. M. & Borglin, G. Usability and application of a data integration technique (following the thread) for multi- and mixed methods research: a systematic review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 108, 103608 (2020).
Guetterman, T. C., Fàbregues, S. & Sakakibara, R. Visuals in joint displays to represent integration in mixed methods research: a methodological review. Methods Psychol. 5, 100080 (2021).
Cooper, A. L., Brennan, M. C., Leslie, G. D. & Brown, J. A. Integrating literature as a data source in mixed methods research. J. Mixed Methods Res. 18, 447–461 (2023).
Heyvaert, M., Maes, B. & Onghena, P. Mixed methods research synthesis: definition, framework, and potential. Qual. Quant. 47, 659–676 (2013).
Johnson-Jennings, M., Paul, K., Olson, D., LaBeau, M. & Jennings, D. Ode’imin Giizis: proposing and piloting gardening as an indigenous childhood health intervention. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 31, 871–888 (2020).
Frazier, M., Massingale, S., Bowen, M. & Kohler, C. Engaging a community in developing an entertainment-education Spanish-language radio novella aimed at reducing chronic disease risk factors, Alabama, 2010–2011. Prev. Chronic Dis. 9, 110344 (2012).
Cella, D. F., Tulsky, D. S., Sarafian, B. & Thomas, C. R. Culturally relevant smoking prevention for minority youth. J. Sch. Health 62, 377–380 (1992).
Vaughn, S. Stroke and heart disease prevention education via telenovela: a focus group’s evaluation. Rehabil. Nurs. 37, 215–219 (2012).
DeBruyn, L., Fullerton, L., Satterfield, D. & Frank, M. Integrating culture and history to promote health and help prevent type 2 diabetes in American Indian/Alaska Native communities: traditional foods have become a way to talk about health. Prev. Chronic Dis. 17, E12 (2020).
Johnson, C. L., Begay, C. & Dickerson, D. Final development of the Native American Drum, Dance, and Regalia Program (NADDAR), a behavioral intervention utilizing traditional practices for urban Native American families: a focus group study. Behav. Ther. 44, 198–203 (2021).
Booth, J. M., Chapman, D., Ohmer, M. L. & Wei, K. Examining the relationship between level of participation in community gardens and their multiple functions. J. Community Pract. 26, 5–22 (2018).
Golembiewski, E., Allen, K. S., Blackmon, A. M., Hinrichs, R. J. & Vest, J. R. Combining nonclinical determinants of health and clinical data for research and evaluation: rapid review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 5, e12846 (2019).
Ceci, S. J. Bronfenbrenner, Urie. in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 3 (ed Kazdin, A. E.) 129–133 (American Psychological Association, 2000).
Sallis, J. F., Owen, N. & Fisher, E. B. Ecological models of health behavior. In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, Fourth Edition (eds Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K. & Viswanath, K.) 465–485 (Jossey-Bass, 2008).
Booth, A. Unpacking your literature search toolbox: on search styles and tactics. Health Info. Libr. J. 25, 313–317 (2008).
Lorenza, L. et al. No dramas: using applied theatre to explore youth health issues in regional Central Queensland. Aust. J. Rural Health 31, 1115–1125 (2023).
Harris, N., Wilks, L. & Stewart, D. HYPEd-up: youth dance culture and health. Arts Health 4, 239–248 (2012).
Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B. & Jordan Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global (2024).
Abbs, E., Daniels, R. & Schillinger, D. Type 2 diabetes as a socioecological disease: can youth poets of color become messengers of truth and catalysts for change? Health Promot. Pract. 23, 583–593 (2021).
Escobar-Chaves, S. L., Shegog, R., Markham, C. & Brehm, B. J. ‘The McSpoons’: using puppetry’s narrative impact to reduce family TV time. Arts Health 2, 47–66 (2010).
Key, B., Burrell Parks, L., Gray, E. & Erskine, J. Utilizing readers theater for health promotion education in a rural setting. Online J. Rural Nurs. Health Care 22, 150–161 (2022).
Sonke, J. et al. Arts participation as a health behavior: a systematic review of evidence for the roles of the arts in non-communicable disease prevention and health promotion. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024506862 (2024).
Isaacs, D. et al. Jazzin’ healthy: interdisciplinary health outreach events focused on disease prevention and health promotion. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 4, 223–232 (2017).
Thomas, Y., Gray, M., McGinty, S. & Ebringer, S. Homeless adults engagement in art: first steps towards identity, recovery and social inclusion. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 58, 429–436 (2011).
Harris, M., Barnett, T. & Bridgman, H. Rural Art Roadshow: a travelling art exhibition to promote mental health in rural and remote communities. Arts Health 10, 57–64 (2016).
Tischler, V. ‘It takes me into another dimension’: an evaluation of mental health-themed exhibitions in outdoor urban areas. Arts Health 10, 1–16 (2018).
Allen, J. K., Elam, D. & Perry, E. Growing vegetables and values: benefits of neighborhood-based community gardens for youth development and nutrition. J. Hunger Environ. Nutr. 3, 418–439 (2008).
Omelchenko, K. L., Hall, C. A., Gainey, M. E. & Olson, G. E. ‘Rhythms of the Heart’: an interprofessional community health collaboration to increase cardiovascular health knowledge. Health Educ. J. 77, 606–614 (2018).
Renton, A. et al. Think of your art-eries: arts participation, behavioural cardiovascular risk factors and mental well-being in deprived communities in London. Public Health 126, S57–S64 (2012).
Flores, R. Dance for health: improving fitness in African-American and Hispanic adolescents. Public Health Rep. 110, 189–193 (1995).
Zick, C. D., Smith, K. R., Kowaleski-Jones, L., Uno, C. & Merrill, B. J. Harvesting more than vegetables: the potential weight control benefits of community gardening. Am. J. Public Health 103, 1110–1115 (2013).
Maani, N. et al. Global health equity requires global equity. Health Equity 7, 192–196 (2023).
Larkey, L. K., Lopez, A. M., Minnal, A. & Gonzalez, J. Storytelling for promoting colorectal cancer screening among underserved Latina women: a randomized pilot study. Cancer Control 16, 79–87 (2009).
Collett, L. K., Hudson, L., Prichard, C. & Vanderford, N. L. Using culturally focused storytelling to empower Appalachian Kentucky youth to understand and address cancer disparities in their communities. J. Cancer Educ. 38, 513–521 (2023).
Golden, T. L. & Wendel, M. L. Public health’s next step in advancing equity: re-evaluating epistemological assumptions to move social determinants from theory to practice. Front. Public Health 8, 131 (2020).
Nicklas, T., Lopez, S., Liu, Y., Saab, R. & Reiher, R. Motivational theater to increase consumption of vegetable dishes by preschool children. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 14, 16 (2017).
Wakefield, S., Yeudall, F., Taron, C., Reynolds, J. & Skinner, A. Growing urban health: community gardening in South-East Toronto. Health Promot. Int. 22, 92–101 (2007).
Grabbe, L., Ball, J. & Goldstein, A. Gardening for the mental well-being of homeless women. J. Holist. Nurs. 31, 258–266 (2013).
Niederkrotenthaler, T. et al. Association of increased youth suicides in the United States with the release of 13 Reasons Why. JAMA Psychiatry 76, 933 (2019).
Bridge, J. A. et al. Association between the release of Netflix’s 13 Reasons Why and suicide rates in the United States: an interrupted time series analysis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 59, 236–243 (2020).
Moore, J. E., Mascarenhas, A., Bain, J. & Straus, S. E. Developing a comprehensive definition of sustainability. Implement. Sci. 12, 110 (2017).
Betrán, A. P., Say, L., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Allen, T. & Hampson, L. Effectiveness of different databases in identifying studies for systematic reviews: experience from the WHO systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 5, 6 (2005).
Cooper, C., Booth, A., Varley-Campbell, J., Britten, N. & Garside, R. Defining the process to literature searching in systematic reviews: a literature review of guidance and supporting studies. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 18, 85 (2018).
Sadeghzadeh, C., Sheppard, B., de Groot, J. & de Marco, M. Evaluating the benefits of a SNAP-Ed-funded community garden intervention using ripple effect mapping. Health Educ. Behav. 49, 141–149 (2022).
Mangadu, T., Kelly, M., Orezzoli, M. C. E., Gallegos, R. & Matharasi, P. Best practices for community gardening in a US-Mexico border community. Health Promot. Int. 32, 1001–1014 (2017).
Passy, R., Morris, M. & Reed, F. Impact of School Gardening on Learning: Final Report Submitted to the Royal Horticultural Society (National Foundation for Educational Research, 2010).
Larkey, L. K. & Gonzalez, J. Storytelling for promoting colorectal cancer prevention and early detection among Latinos. Patient Educ. Couns. 67, 272–278 (2007).
Pawlicka, N. et al. In their own words: an exploration of primary children’s participation in a dementia education program. Health Promot. J. Austr. 35, 251–259 (2024).
Bell-Ellison, B. A. et al. A theater-as-education project discourages tobacco and alcohol use. Middle Sch. J. 41, 11–19 (2009).
Barnidge, E. K. et al. Association between community garden participation and fruit and vegetable consumption in rural Missouri. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 10, 128 (2013).
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. What is health equity? https://www.rwjf.org/en/insights/our-research/2017/05/what-is-health-equity-.html (2025).
Lanier, J., Schumacher, J. & Calvert, K. Cultivating community collaboration and community health through community gardens. J. Community Pract. 23, 492–507 (2015).
Pitre, N., Stewart, S., Adams, S., Bedard, T. & Landry, S. The use of puppets with elementary school children in reducing stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness. J. Ment. Health 16, 415–429 (2007).
Page, M. J. et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 118, 60–68 (2020).
PRISMA-P Group et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst. Rev. 4, 1 (2015).
Banatvala, N., Obermeyer, W. & Alleyne, G. United Nations high-level meetings on NCD prevention and control. In Noncommunicable Diseases: A Compendium (eds Banatvala, N. & Bovet, P.) 229–233 (Routledge, 2023).
Yang, J. S., Mamudu, H. M. & John, R. Incorporating a structural approach to reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. Global. Health 14, 66 (2018).
Adjaye-Gbewonyo, K. & Vaughan, M. Reframing NCDs? An analysis of current debates. Glob. Health Action 12, 1641043 (2019).
Zuccala, E. & Horton, R. Reframing the NCD agenda: a matter of justice and equity. Lancet 396, 939–940 (2020).
World Health Organization. Health promotion. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/about/how-we-work/programmes/health-promotion (2025).
Braveman, P. et al. What is health equity? Behav. Sci. Policy 4, 1–14 (2018).
Wendel, M. L., Golden, T. L., Nation, M. & Kelly Pryor, B. N. Editorial: intervening in structural determinants: the role of language and narrative in enacting power to define issues and control resource distribution. Front. Public Health 12, 1381416 (2024).
Hofrichter, R. & Bhatia, R. Tackling Health Inequities through Public Health Practice: Theory to Action (Oxford University Press, 2010).
Brown, T. H. & Homan, P. The future of social determinants of health: looking upstream to structural drivers. Milbank Q. 101, 36–60 (2023).
World Health Organization. Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/social-determinants-of-health (2025).
Hankivsky, O. Intersectionality 101 (The Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, 2014).
McGowan, J. et al. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 75, 40–46 (2016).
Morgan-Daniel, J. & Pyche, C. Arts participation as a health behaviour: a systematic review of evidence for the roles of the arts in non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and health promotion: PubMed and other databases. Preprint at searchRxiv https://doi.org/10.1079/searchRxiv.2024.0059 (2024).
Harrison, R., Jones, B., Gardner, P. & Lawton, R. Quality assessment with diverse studies (QuADS): an appraisal tool for methodological and reporting quality in systematic reviews of mixed- or multimethod studies. BMC Health Serv. Res. 21, 144 (2021).
Alshami, A., Elsayed, M., Ali, E., Eltoukhy, A. E. E. & Zayed, T. Harnessing the power of ChatGPT for automating systematic review process: methodology, case study, limitations, and future directions. Systems 11, 351 (2023).