Developing thorium-based reactors on a commercial scale requires extensive research, testing and validation. Nuclear projects also demand years of stringent safety clearances and regulatory approvals. Globally, all existing large commercial nuclear plants, more than 400 of them, run on uranium. That said, progress is underway. China has recently commissioned a small experimental thorium reactor in its desert region and is planning larger projects. Today, India and China are at the forefront of global thorium research.

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