Karol Bońkowski Pasha: a Polish expert sent to fight cholera in the Ottoman Empire (1893)

In 1893, cholera returned to Izmir and Sultan Abdulhamid II dispatched Charles Bońkowski Pashaa Polish-origin chemist/pharmacist and trusted epidemic inspector, to take control of the response. He enforced sanitation orders and quarantine measures that slowed trade but aimed to stop the outbreak at the port-city “entry points.” Full essay (in Polish): Bońkowski Pasha. An expert in the Sultan’s service